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Latitude and Longitude

coordinated grid system to determine location on Earth. From the chapter’s opening photograph, you can see the importance of determining the location of the research ship and tracking the locations of tabular icebergs. The terms latitude and longitude were in use on maps as early as the first century A.D., with the concepts themselves dating back to Eratosthenes and others. The geographer, astronomer, and mathematician Ptolemy (ca. A.D. 90–168) contributed greatly to the development of modern maps, and many of his terms are still used today. Ptolemy divided the circle into 360 degrees (360°), with each degree having 60 minutes (60′) and each minute having 60 seconds (600) in a manner adapted from the ancient Babylonians. He located places using these degrees, minutes, and seconds. However, the precise length of a degree of latitude and a degree of longitude remained unresolved for the next 17 centuries. Latitude Latitude is an angular distance north or south of the equator, meas

The relative location of the Blue Planet in the solar system

Uniqueness of the Blue Planet The earth known as the Blue Planet occupies a special place in the solar system which comprises eight planets. Solar energy, water and air that support the existence of life are available on the Earth's surface. The unique nature of the Blue Planet is remarkable as there is no evidence of life in other planets. the special features of the Blue Planet. It is the most beautiful (Scenic) planet The location in the solar system is conducive to the existence of life Solar energy, water and air needed for life is found on Earth. Extremes of temperature are not observed. The atmosphere consists of different gases. There is a climate favourable for living beings. It is the only known planet with life. 71% of the surface is covered by water. There are variations of seasons. There is biodiversity. There exists different landscapes. Statistics on the Blue Planet. Distance from the Sun 149.6 million km.

Cells: The Living Units

All living organisms are cellular in nature, from one-celled “generalists” such as amoebas to complex multicellular organisms such as trees, dogs, and humans. Just as bricks and timbers are the structural units of a house, cells are structural units of all living things. The human body has about 50 to 100 trillion cells. Structure of a generalized cell . No cell type is exactly like this one, but this composite illustrates features common to animal cells. Not all of the organelles are drawn to the same scale in this illustration. OVERVIEW OF CELLS The scientist Robert Hooke first observed plant cells with a crude microscope in the late 1600s. However, it was not until the 1830s that two scientists, Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, boldly asserted that all living things are composed of cells. Shortly thereafter, the pathologist Rudolf Virchow extended this idea by contending that cells arise only from other cells. Virchow’s thesis was revolutionary because it chal

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